Why do I care about the ups and downs of Black barbecue? Because this goes much deeper than just loving barbecue. It’s because I’ve been radicalized by something that I watched on television. Actually, it’s more about what I didn’t see than what I saw. 

In May 2004, I was intrigued by a Food Network promotional commercial for a one-hour special titled Paula’s Southern BBQ. At the time, I knew much more about barbecue than I did about the host, Paula Deen, and I hoped that Deen would be presenting more of an overview of southern barbecue culture rather than simply a cooking lesson or a cooking competition. I tuned in for the show. By the time the credits rolled, though, my mouth was hanging open—not from an appetite for barbecue but because I was stunned that not one single African American had been interviewed on camera. I saw shots of Black people in the background doing the actual work, but they were anonymous and voiceless. Today it may seem naive, but I recall thinking, as I turned off the television, “Is this what Black barbecuers have become? They’re just B-roll footage now?” Maybe I had misread the ads for the show—perhaps it had been promoted as Paula’s Scandinavian Barbecue, Sponsored by Alabama White Sauce?

It’s easy to beat up on Deen, given the racism and improper appropriation allegations that surfaced against her five years later, but I think the show’s production team shares the blame. They are the ones who scout the locations to film, decide who is going to be on camera, and write the scripts. If she’d had it in her, Deen could have leveraged her star power to create a more inclusive show, but this certainly wasn’t a solo act. Apparently, no one had the vision. I admittedly haven’t seen that show but the one time, so in writing about my impressions of it, I’m relying on my shocked memories alone.

That episode struck me hard. It showed me that amid all this barbecue abundance, something was missing. What was missing was public acknowledgment of, and appreciation for, African American barbecuers and what they’ve contributed to this hallowed culinary tradition. Imagine that you’re barbecuing meat directly over a slow fire. A nice equilibrium exists as the meat slowly cooks while fat periodically drips down to fuel the fire and provide flavor. Then, after several hours of cooking, someone decides to move the fire gradually to the side of the grill, completely away from the meat, and continues to barbecue indirectly. Black barbecuers have similarly been pushed from the center to barbecue’s margins.

How could and did this happen? Black Smoke answers that question. I will bring Black barbecuers back to the center of the fire. I will show you how, gradually, softly, and tenderly, some very influential food media platforms, traditional and digital, that decide who gets attention and what stories get told, have fallen deeply in love with four types of White Guys Who Barbecue. They are: the Urban Hipster, who sports interesting tattoos, facial hair, and stylish eyeglasses; the Rural Bubba, who is an overalls-and-ball-cap-wearing kind of guy that one might see on the television shows “Duck Dynasty” or the “Dukes of Hazzard” (1970s version); the fine dining chefs who have entered the barbecue game; and some guys who are a combination of the above.

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The media coverage of these white guys is so intense, comprehensive, and constant that one could easily wonder whether Black people barbecue at all. Before Rodney Scott won a 2018 James Beard Award for Best Chef Southeast, the most high-profile African American barbecuer was arguably the fictional Freddy Hayes, who regularly served ribs to the diabolical president Frank Underwood on Netflix’s smash hit political satire “House of Cards.” The entire situation is annoying enough to make a nice guy like me develop a “resting barbecue face.”

This is all so weird because before the 1990s, food media regularly and overwhelmingly acknowledged Black barbecuers—so much so that, to this day, many people believe that African Americans invented barbecue. Moreover, a general consensus emerged in the late nineteenth century that African American barbecuers made the best and most authentic barbecue. Even racist whites failed to pass up barbecue made by an African American. During the reign of Black barbecuers, barbecue was largely represented in media as hearty, messy, working-class food that was the delicious result of extensive, exhaustive, and specialized menial labor. And though what these Black barbecuers did often absolutely fit the definition of culinary craft, it was rarely presented that way to the larger public.

Think about the current conventional wisdom about what barbecue is. Your mental checklist probably includes poor or tough cuts of meat that must be cooked at a low temperature for a long time (“low and slow,” in current parlance), served unsauced—and with an appearance that’s social media friendly. Such thinking gained steam in the 1990s, and it has consequently, and unfairly, redefined barbecue away from long-standing African American barbecue traditions. That’s where the opening quotation from Obi-Wan Kenobi comes into play. I know that he lived a long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away, but what Kenobi told Luke Skywalker readily applies to the current state of barbecue. So many are heavily invested in drawing partisan lines about what true barbecue is, yet they’re unwilling to see how arbitrarily those lines are drawn. As “Black Smoke” will explain, defining barbecue, locally and globally, is highly dependent on time, place, class, race, and a fair amount of mythmaking.

Black Smoke matters because there’s so much more at stake with barbecue than ever before. Barbecue’s profile is much higher in terms of scope, cultural value, and potential profitability. Barbecue is now viewed as an urbanized, craft cuisine manufactured by so-called pitmasters with their own tribe of foodie followers. A barbecuer savvy in public relations and social media—or any personality with just enough barbecue expertise to exude authority—can now make a lot of money by selling high-priced barbecue, hosting special events, and hawking a line of accessories, cookbooks, and instructional videos. Barbecue circuit competitors have won up to a hundred thousand dollars in just one weekend. 

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Even barbecue writers may get in on this lucrative act. I was surprised to learn that Steven Raichlen, a prolific barbecue writer, has his own line of barbecuer gear. He’s inspired me to develop a line of very stretchable barbecue clothing with elastic in strategic places. Look for it soon on the fashion runways of Milan and Paris.

As barbecue’s cultural terrain has shifted and streams of revenue have flowed, the mainstream food media’s lack of inclusive coverage has effectively told African American barbecuers: “We’re just not that into you.” That means Black barbecuers haven’t prospered as much as their white colleagues even though they’ve made significant contributions to the culinary tradition.

The contemporary barbecue scene is déjà vu for me. Since the early 2000s, African American chefs—some by choice, others by circumstance or from a lack of resources—have missed opportunities to cash in on food traditions that they either created or raised to an art form. Think fried chicken (especially the Nashville hot version), shrimp and grits, and whole-animal cooking. The same need not happen with barbecue. I want African Americans to benefit in these barbecue boom times. Black Smoke changes the current narrative by informing readers about African American barbecue culture’s glorious past, vibrant present, and expansive future.

Black Smoke is part celebration and part restoration. Black Smoke shows how African American barbecue culture unfolds and profiles the fascinating people who give it life and continue to push its boundaries. Black Smoke is a story of creativity and resilience in a time of tremendous economic, political, social, and racial challenges. Black Smoke shows that the only way to ignite a serious discussion about American barbecue is by including African Americans. Black Smoke is not intended to be a revival or some sort of fresh breath on the glowing embers of a dying culinary tradition. To the contrary, Black Smoke shows that African American  barbecue traditions endure and that barbecue storytelling to the broader public should be more inclusive.

Adrian Miller is a food writer, James Beard Award winner, attorney, and certified barbecue judge who lives in Denver. He is featured in the Netflix hit “High on the Hog: How African American Cuisine Transformed America.” Miller’s first book, Soul Food: The Surprising Story of an American Cuisine, One Plate at a Time won the James Beard Foundation Award for Scholarship and Reference in 2014. His second book, The President’s Kitchen Cabinet: The Story of the African Americans Who Have Fed Our First Families, From the Washingtons to the Obamas was a finalist for a 2018 NAACP Image Award and the 2018 Colorado Book Award for History. He is currently the executive director of the Colorado Council of Churches — the first African American and the first layperson to hold that position.