What is a river?

(Video and photos by Mike Sweeney/Special to The Sun)


What is a river?

It depends on your point of view.

Sun reporters have fanned out along the Arkansas River, from the headwaters near Leadville to the border with Kansas, to learn what the river means to people in the places it runs through.

The series begins with Michael Booth’s dispatch from high in the Mosquito Range, where the Arkansas comes to life and almost died. Stay tuned for more from this series.


How to treat a river: Reshaping the Arkansas River into a Colorado success after a century of abuse

Owners of the Climax Mine constructed this waterfall where the East Fork of the Arkansas River flows through its property. The more appealing falls replaced a simple pipe where the headwaters of the Arkansas River once flowed, giving the river a more alpine feel.

It’s longer than the storied Colorado River. It rises and falls through more dramatic scenery and geology changes than any river in the state. Hosts 100 miles of gold medal trout waters. Delivers bounty to farmers and consumers. Supplies a lesser-known drinking water lifeline to Colorado’s biggest cities.Yet nearly every inch of the Arkansas River through Colorado has been pummeled by humans for more than a century. From the high headwaters all the way to the state line, Michael Booth has this story on how the people who care are trying to redeem a hard-working stream

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The shifting gifts of the Upper Arkansas River and its evolving role for Colorado communities

Recreation Engineering and Planning, project manager, Mike Harvey (right), and son, Miles, chat as an excavator works on Pocket Wave in Buena Vista on September 24. (Anna Stonehouse, Special to The Colorado Sun)

From a mine dump to floating rubber flotillas to community surf waves, the Upper Arkansas River shapes communities like Buena Vista, Salida and Cañon City. Today, the Upper Arkansas River between Leadville and Pueblo is the source of a lot of fun. While it primarily serves as a source of urban water, that tumbling snowmelt delivers a secondary but critical benefit of countless good times. Jason Blevins has more.

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River users, landowners and lawmakers revive decades-long debate over river access in Colorado

For decades, landowners along the Taylor River have strung a wire fence across the river, preventing any public access through high-dollar properties where the landowners have spent millions to restore riparian habitat. (Jason Blevins, The Colorado Sun)

Conflicts between river uses and property owners date back decades in Colorado, a state that has the murkiest access laws in the country. Courts have handed down rulings in contentious lawsuits involving access on the Arkansas River and Colorado River. For years, those conflicts have been settled on a case-by-case basis, with landowners, boaters and anglers sitting at a table and finding some sort of agreement. Now, writes Jason Blevins, camps are forming for a renewed fight. 

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Cañon City is using the Arkansas River to wash off its “prison town” reputation. Steep obstacles remain.

Amelia Montgomery leaps into the cooling waters of the Arkansas River at Cañon City’s Centennial Park during the town’s Royal Gorge Whitewater Festival.

In just more than a decade, this city of 17,000 people has worked to supercharge a new identity as an outdoors hub with river and trail improvements that have turned heads across the Front Range. But for all the energy in Cañon City’s reinvention bid, steep challenges remain, from contending with a gnarly highway separating downtown from the river, to dealing with an abandoned industrial strip that has long blocked redevelopment in a riverside corridor seen as key to making the area feel more like a river town, and less like a prison town. After 15 years of river and trail improvements, Lance Benzel reports on how the southern Colorado city is confronting the legacy of its industrial past

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Pueblo has a fraught history with the Arkansas River, but a new $11 million park could change that

A mural on the Arkansas River levee featuring the flags of the nations that governed Pueblo over time is reflected in the river. Originally built after the 1921 flood that nearly destroyed the city, the levee has become a mecca for muralists and features over 100 panels since the levee was rebuilt in 2021.

Pueblo has a brutal history with its backyard river. For over a century the Arkansas was purely used for industry and agriculture, demonstrating the irony of a city built for access to waterways that residents will rarely use. But the city wants to change that. Waterworks Park, which officially opened in May, took just under seven years and $11 million to bring it from idea to the ribbon cutting. The project turned a once-dangerous swimming hole — the old dam had been the site of several drownings — into a quarter-mile-long, family-friendly park that rivals any mountain town’s riverside recreation. Parker Yamasaki has more on Pueblo’s latest bid to change its relationship to the Arkansas River.

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In Rocky Ford, watermelons, ditches and the Arkansas River tie a community to its past and inform its future

The Rocky Ford watermelon has been a celebrated icon of the Arkansas Valley Fair for 148 years. (Mike Sweeney, Special to The Colorado Sun)

Rocky Ford’s modern history starts with a train, some watermelon seeds and a man named George W. Swink. When he sold slabs of the juicy goodness to a couple thousand people one day in the late 1880s, it was such a joyous occasion he decided to build an entire fair around it. Nearly 150 years later, the Arkansas Valley Fair in Rocky Ford is the oldest of its kind in Colorado. But the north end of the town is what you might call a playground desert. Concerned about their children and wanting a place all residents can connect with nature, Rocky Ford leaders have sparked a plan to link the fairgrounds to a lake to a network of trails along the Arkansas River. As Tracy Ross reports, they’re slowly making progress.

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In Lower Arkansas River Valley, a $1.39B pipeline is the Holy Grail of clean water

Tandy Bitner fills a pair of water coolers at the May Valley Water Main Street water station in Wiley. Groundwater in the area exceeds maximum contaminant levels for radium and end users have to treat their drinking water with a reverse osmosis system or water softening system.

With construction of the long-awaited Arkansas Valley Conduit finally under way,  the May Valley Water Association is in line to get clean water from Pueblo Reservoir, more than 100 miles to the west. Then contamination notices from the state health department will stop and the cloud that lies over these small towns in the Lower Arkansas River Basin due to their historically bad water will begin to lift. Jerd Smith of Fresh Water News has this story on the long-awaited conduit. 

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The Arkansas River’s Big Timbers region reflects a complex history of Western expansion, Indigenous displacement

Jake Rogers is the curator Big Timbers Museum in Lamar.

For Jake Rogers, the 28-year-old curator of the Big Timbers Museum in Lamar, the Arkansas River’s meandering ribbon ties together its more recent significance — as an engine for agriculture and, gradually, recreation — with a complicated history of westward expansion and native displacement from the water’s once heavily timbered banks that extended more than 60 miles west toward La Junta.

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Archeologists find that people sent to Amache during WWII sought respite in the Arkansas River

Dr. Bonnie Clark, right, of the University of Denver, gives a tour of one of the former gardens at the Amache National Historic Site in southeastern Colorado. She’s shown here standing in what was once a pond lined with stones culled from the Arkansas River.

The Granada Relocation Center — better known as Amache — was purposely chosen for its remote location, one of 10 relocation centers hastily built in 1942 and sited in the country’s dust bowls and deserts to contain people of Japanese descent. But unlike much of the dusty Plains, Amache had the Arkansas. Since 2008, Dr. Bonnie Clark, archeology professor at the University of Denver and founder of the Amache Archeology Project, has worked with students, Amache survivors and descendants, Granada locals, amateur archeologists and volunteers to meticulously uncover an expansive network of gardens cultivated by incarcerees during their wartime imprisonment. Parker Yamasaki has this story on Amache and the Arkansas.

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After 360 miles of whitewater and irrigation, the Arkansas River leaves Colorado as a trickle

After a 360-mile, winding journey that began near Leadville, the Arkansas River flows toward the Colorado-Kansas border near Holly Sept. 24, 2025. (Mike Sweeney, Special to The Colorado Sun)

In the last Colorado town before the Kansas state line, the Arkansas is brown and slow, in some spots like a string of big mud puddles connected by sand bars. Ten miles into Kansas, it disappears, depleted this time of year by thirsty cities and farms along its 360-mile journey through Colorado. By the time the Arkansas leaves Colorado, it is a different river. But it’s still vital to the people in this dry part of the state.

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